Preparation and usage of plasmodium fusion antigen

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a fusion protein comprising the Plasmodium merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP1) and the Plasmodium apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1), the encoding DNA sequence, the vector containing the sequence, the host cell containing the vector, and the genetic engineering method for preparing the fusion protein and the usage for producing anti-malarial vaccine. The AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein of the present invention has excellent immunogenicity and can cause an effective immune response against Plasmodium in individuals.

FIELD OF INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to DNA recombinant techniques and gene engineering vaccines. More specifically, the present invention relates to a fusion protein containing Merozoite Surface Protein 1 (MSP1) and Apical Membrane Antigen-1 (AMA-1) of Plasmodium, a DNA sequence encoding the fusion protein, a vector containing the DNA sequence, host cells containing the vector, a genetic engineering method to prepare the fusion protein, and uses of the fusion protein in developing vaccine against malaria.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Malaria is one of the most ancient infectious diseases that still has strong impact upon human health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 40% of the world's population are still under the threat of malaria, which has been distributed to more than 100 countries. Today, there are about 300-500 million malaria cases every year, of which about 3 million die from it. Moreover, because of the emergence and quick spread diffusion of drug resistance by plasmodia and mosquito vector, malaria has not been effectively controlled. On the contrary, it is likely to stage a comeback. Thus the expansion of a global project to control malaria has become one of the emphatic study fields of WHO in the new century.

[0003] People can depend upon or expect to achieve breakthrough in controlling malaria through three main pathways: anti-malaria drugs, malaria vaccines and mosquito vector control. However, anti-malaria drugs and mosquito vector control are facing great difficulties and challenges, which have been the result of the emergence and spread of drug resistance of plasmodia and mosquito. Although the malaria vaccine with application value has not become visible at present, it is still generally believed that the development of malaria vaccine is an important pathway for human beings to control and even eradicate malaria.

[0004] Many studies have indicated that the prevention of malaria could be achieved through the development of effective vaccines. For example, volunteers immunized by inactivated sporozoit could be completely protected against subsequent challenge of Plasmodium falciparum. Also, the mouse immunized by murine Plasmodium recombinant antigen could be completely protected against subsequent infection attacks from homogenous Plasmodium. In addition, epidemiological studies on malaria also demonstrates that the population dying from malaria is mainly those having no immunity against malaria, e.g. children living in malaria endemic areas and population from malaria non-endemic areas entering malaria endemic areas, while adults in malaria endemic areas seldom die of it. If inoculating these people having no specific immunity with effective vaccines, it could be expected that the specific immunity could be induced similar to that of the adults from malaria endemic areas, and thus the objective to prevent malaria and reduce malaria mortality can be achieved. Hence, the development of malaria vaccines has become the hot topic in the world nowadays.

[0005] In the development of malaria vaccines, the studies upon two candidate vaccines have ever been widely noticed, and one of which is anti-sporozoit vaccine. This vaccine could induce immunity to inhibit invasion of sporozoit into hepatic cells. However, subsequent clinical trials do not show good efficacy. According to the analysis, the vaccine could just generate immunity against sporozoit, but even if only a few sporozoit escapes the immune attack of the vaccine and survive, they could invade hepatic cells and develop and proliferate to generate thousands of merozoites enough to cause disease in hosts. The other one is SPf66 polyvalence synthetic peptide vaccine. This vaccine is a 45-peptide polymer made of three 10-peptide epitopes separately linked through hydrophobic amino acids (Patarroyo, M. E., et al., Induction of protective immunity against experimental infection with malaria Suing Synthetic peptides, Nature; 328: 629, 1987). This vaccine achieved good immune protection against challenge of Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus monkeys. However, an ideal clinical protection has not been achieved in the subsequent clinical trials in Africa, South-east Asia and Latin America, and thus no applicable value was established. The reason of failure of this vaccine may lie in the fact that SPf 66 only has 45 peptides. In such a short, chained peptide sequence, there may not be T cell epitopes enough for most individual MHC molecules to bind, which results in the prevention of antigen presentation.

[0006] Although the studies on malaria vaccines using biotechnology have been conducted for about 20 years, a vaccine with application value has yet to become available. It can be seen that the breakthrough in malaria vaccines still calls for further confirmation on the candidate antigens providing protection against malaria, clarification on the immunological mechanism of protection effect, and establishment of new strategies about malaria vaccine development.

[0007] Thus, it is urgently required in the art to develop effective immunogens and related vaccines against malaria.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0008] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a fusion protein produced by genetic engineering technique. The fusion protein can trigger immune response as an effective immunogen against malaria, and thus enable the immunized individual to obtain immunity against malaria.

[0009] Another purpose of the present invention is to provide a new immunogen that could be used in malaria vaccines. Said immunogen is a fusion protein that contains AMA-1 and MSP1 antigens (“AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein”), and also to provide a vaccine composition comprising the immunogen.

[0010] Another purpose of the present invention is to provide a DNA encoding the fusion protein, a vector containing the DNA sequence, and host cells containing the vector.

[0011] Another purpose of the present invention is to provide a low-cost and/or simple method for producing the AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein.

[0012] The first aspect of the present invention is to provide a fusion protein, which comprises the amino acid sequence of Plasmodium apical membrane antigen-1, the amino acid sequence of Plasmodium merozoite surface protein 1, and a hinge between the amino acid sequence of the apical membrane antigen-1 and the amino acid sequence of the merozoite surface protein 1.

[0013] More preferably; the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2 or 3.

[0014] The second aspect of the present invention is to provide an isolated DNA molecule, which encodes the above fusion protein of the present invention.

[0015] The third aspect of the present invention is to provide a vector, which contains the DNA molecule described above, and a host cell containing the vector.

[0016] The fourth aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for producing the fusion protein of the present invention, which comprises the following steps:

[0017] growing the host cells described above under conditions appropriate for the expression of the fusion protein, thereby expressing the fusion protein; and

[0018] isolating the fusion protein.

[0019] The fifth aspect of the present invention is to provide a vaccine, which contains the fusion protein or the encoding DNA molecule described in the present invention.

[0020] The sixth aspect of the present invention is to provide an antibody, which specifically binds to the fusion protein of the present invention.

[0021] The seventh aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for constructing an anti-malaria multivalent vaccine, which comprises the steps of fusing several conformational Plasmodium antigens or functional domains into a fusion protein molecule. In particular, the method comprises the following steps: (1) fusing several Plasmodium antigens or the functional domain thereof (especially the antigen or functional domain with conformation) into a fusion protein molecule (in which a hinge is inserted between adjacent antigens or functional domains), and thereby obtain its amino acid sequence; (2) according to the amino sequence, designing its nucleotide encoding sequence; (3) synthesizing the nucleotide encoding sequence (and optionally modifying the encoding sequence according to codon preference, etc.); (4) introducing the nucleotide encoding sequence into host cells to obtain the transformed host cells; (5) incubating the transformed host cells under proper conditions to express the fusion protein; (6) isolating or purifying the fusion protein to use as an anti-malaria multivalent vaccine.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0022]FIG. 1: Schematic diagrams of PfCP-1 (FIG. 1A) and PfCP-2 (FIG. 1B) fusion protein and the N and C terminal sequences thereof. Ectodomain of AMA-1 was suggested to be divided into three regions, namely regions I, II and III. MSP1-19 is the 19 KD C terminal region of MSP1. MCS is a multiple cloning site region that contains 8 single restriction cleavage sites, which is used for further insertion of other antigen genes. H is a hinge sequence, which is made of repeated sequences of Gly-Pro-Gly, and is used to prevent the two proteins from interacting in conformation with each other.

[0023]FIG. 2 is the synthetic strategy schematic diagram for the fusion antigen gene PfCP-1 (FIG. 2A) and PfCP-2 (FIG. 2B).

[0024]FIG. 2A: Synthesis of PfCP-1 gene: 1997 bp PfCP-1 gene is divided into 4 segments and each of the segments is synthesized separately. The name and length of these 4 segments are: PfCP-1a, 512 bp; PfCP-1b, 629 bp; PfCP-1c, 575 bp; PfCP-1d, 395 bp respectively. XhoI and EcoRI sites are added to the 5′ and 3′ end of each segment for gene segment cloning. Each synthesized segment is first cloned into a pBluscript vector and then undergoes sequence analysis. Each segment is linked to generate the full-length PfCP-I gene through ScaI, HindIII and KpnI sites shown in the figure.

[0025]FIG. 2B: Synthesis of PfCP-2 gene: a pair of primers are designed respectively at the start point (Pa) of PfCP-1 AMA-1 (III) and the 3′ terminal (Pb), which is obtained through amplification with PCR method.

[0026]FIG. 3: Agarose gel electrophoresis showing the full-length PfCP-1 gene. After cutting with XhoI and EcoRI enzyme, electrophoresis shows the PfCP-1 synthesized gene and the vector bands (lane 1).

[0027]FIG. 4: the schematic diagram for the pPIC9k/PfCP-1 recombinant expression plasmid.

[0028]FIG. 5: the schematic diagram for the pPIC9k/PfCP-2 recombinant expression plasmid.

[0029]FIG. 6: Western blot detection of PfCP-1 expression, in which lane 2 is the supernatant from the culture before induction, and lane 1 is the supernatant from the culture at 72 hours after induction. The monoclonal antibody mAb5.2 which recognizes the conformation epitopes of MSP119 and the secondary antibody anti-mouse IgG are used for detection.

[0030]FIG. 7: the detection of PfCP-2 expression by SDS-PAGE. 10 ul of culture supernatant is loaded on the SDS-PAGE gel and Coomassie-stained at 0 hr before induction and 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr after induction. The doublet of the products are presented at the 32KD location. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the doublet shows that 9 amino acid residues are deleted at the N-terminal of the lower band.

[0031]FIG. 8: the reaction of a monoclonal antibodies with PfCP-2. The mAbs ZF10, IE1, 2.2, 111.2, 12.8 and 5.2 are all specific monoclonal antibodies used to identify conformation epitopes. The mAb 9.8 is the negative control, and PCAB is anti-AMA-1 polyclonal antibody. “−” means that β-mercapto-ethanol was not present in the sample; “+” means that β-mercaptoethanol was added in the sample. The illustration involves the procedures of applying equal amount of PfCP-2 expression supernatant to each lane, performing electrophoresis and transferring to the membrane, and using the above antibodies and the corresponding secondary antibody to proceed with reaction and staining.

[0032]FIG. 9: the SDS-PAGE gel showing the purified PfCP-2 recombinant protein. The expression product was purified from the supernatant in two steps with Ni column and gel filtration chromatography. According to SDS-PAGE and HPLC measurement, the purity of the target protein is above 98%. Each lane respectively is: lane 1, 10 ug; lane 2, 20 ug; and lane 3, 30 ug.

[0033]FIG. 10: the PfCP-2 specific IgG level of the immunized rabbit serum measured by ELISA. Each group respectively is: ISA720 adjuvant+PfCP-2; ISA720 adjuvant+denatured PfCP-2; Freund's adjuvant; and Freund's adjuvant+PfCP-2.

[0034]FIG. 11: the PfCP-2 specific IgG level of the immunized rabbit serum measured by IFA. Each group respectively is: ISA720 adjuvant+PfCP-2; ISA720 adjuvant+denatured PfCP-2; Freund's adjuvant; and Freund's adjuvant+PfCP-2.

[0035]FIG. 12: the anti-AMA-1 and MSP1 specific IgG level of the immunized rabbit serum measured by ELISA. AMA-1 expressed and refolded in E. coli and MSP1-19 expressed in yeast are respectively used as the antigens to measure each specific antibody, in which the horizontal scale is the different doses of the immune serum of the PfCP-2 antigen immunized rabbit; and the ordinate scale is the antibody titer measured by ELISA.

[0036]FIG. 13: the in vitro inhibition of the parasite growth by immune sera(1). Each group respectively is: 1. Freund's adjuvant+PfCP-2 (15% serum concentration), and 2. Freund's adjuvant.

[0037]FIG. 14: the in vitro inhibition of the parasite growth by immune sera(2). Each group is: 1. ISA720 adjuvant; and 2. ISA720 adjuvant+PfCP-2.

[0038]FIG. 15: the in vitro inhibition of the parasite growth by immune sera(3). Each group is: 1. ISA720 adjuvant+PfCP-2; and 2. ISA720 adjuvant+denatured PfCP-2.

[0039]FIG. 16: the in vitro inhibition of the parasite growth by immune sera(4). Each group is: 1. ISA720 adjuvant; 2. ISA720 adjuvant+PfCP-2; 3. ISA720 adjuvant+denatured PfCP-2; 4. Freund's adjuvant+PfCP-2; and 5. Freund's adjuvant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0040] The studies have indicated that the life cycle of plasmodia is complicated, and the antigens stage-specific. Besides, there is severe antigen variation in Plasmodium. Based upon these characteristics, an effective and continuously applicable malaria vaccine should include quite a few Plasmodium protective antigens, from which the immunity generated should be capable of attacking different stages of the parasite. Thus, even if a few parasites could survive under the immune attack from the first defensive line for reasons such as antigen mutation, these parasites still will experience attacks from each subsequent defensive line, until all the parasites are eliminated. At present, more than 20 proteins have been considered as the candidate antigens for malaria vaccine. Seven of the candidate antigens were mixed to form a multivalent vaccine, and clinical trial was performed. Among 35 volunteers receiving vaccination, only 1 had obtained protection. As measured, the immunized individuals have very low antibody titer for each antigen. This may be caused by the antigen competition when various antigens injected simultaneously, and thus affect the immune response of the body to each antigen.

[0041] Another practical problem about malaria vaccines is human MHC polymorphism. Because of the polymorphism, some antigens can not bind to MHC molecules, and it leads to the inhibition of antigen presentation, and the non immune responses phenomenon in immunized individuals. To ensure that the vaccine would be effectively presented in most individuals, it is necessary to identify the multi-reaction epitopes from malaria antigens that could recognize MHC molecules in most population, and incorporating them into a vaccine, or incorporating various antigens to form a fusion antigen to overcome the problem with lack of enough T cell epitopes in unique antigen are required.

[0042] An effective malaria vaccine needs to incorporate multiple antigens, while the simple mixture of multiple antigens may cause the problem of antigen competition. Therefore, we developed another route to construct the multivalent vaccine antigen after wide and deep research, i.e. first identify the protective domains or regions from existing candidate antigens. These functional domains were then assembled to a fusion protein via appropriate design, and the gene of the protein was redesigned and synthesized. finally, the recombinant protein were expressed. Through the designing and insertion of a hinge sequence, the functional domains in this fusion protein could maintain their conformation. As a result, it is found that the fusion comprising merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) and apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) of Plasmodium falciparum could effectively induce protective immune response. And the invention is accomplished upon this basis.

[0043] The fusion protein of the present invention involves two antigens of Plasmodium falciparum. One is merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) and the other is apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1). Both of them are important candidate antigens for malaria vaccines at present. The Aotus monkeys immunized with the MSP1 extracted from cultured Plasmodium falciparum could be completely protected against challenge of homologous strain Plasmodium falciparum (Siddqui, W. A. et al., Merozoite surface coat precursor protein completely protects Aotus monkeys against Plasmodium falcrparum malaria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84: 3014, 1987). Many experimental evidences have indicated that MSP1 19 KD C-terminal segment (MSP1-19) is the functional domain for protective immunity of this antigen. Both MSP1-19 immune serum and monoclonal antibody could inhibit the in vitro growth of malaria parasite. This domain contains 10 cysteine residues, which form two Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) like domains. The Aotus monkeys immunized with recombinant protein containing MSP1-19 could also be protected against subsequent challenge.

[0044] AMA-1 is a membrane protein with about 60 KD molecular weight. Immune serum against the ectodomain inhibited the in vitro growth of the parasite. The mouse immunized with an analogous of mouse Plasmodium AMA-1 could also be protected against challenge of the same species of the Plasmodium. AMA-1 contains 16 conserved cysteine residues, forming 3 domains linked by disulfide bonds, wherein domain III[AMA-1 (III)] is very conserved in sequence. It is presumed that the newly invading merozoite still carries this domain sequence, which may take part in the merozoite invasion.

[0045] The result of studies indicates that the protective effects of both AMA-1 and MSP1-19 are dependent upon the conformation formed by disulfide bonds in the antigens. Reduced and alkylated antigens failed to generate an effective immune protection effect. Hence, the key in fusing these two antigens into one molecule is to maintain the natural conformation of each antigen.

[0046] The present invention has constructed two fusion antigens AMA-1/MSP1-19 (named as PfCP-1) and AMA-1 (III)/MSP1-19 (named as PfCP-2), and expressed these antigens in yeast Pichia pastoris. The analysis shows that the protein resembled very close to the natural one. This antigen is highly immunogenic with ELISA titer at >4 million. The antibodies of the fusion antigen recognized the individual AMA-1 and MSP1 protein of the fusion protein. The immune serum against the fusion antigen completely inhibited the growth of the parasite in vitro after being diluted 6.7 times.

[0047] As used herein, the terms “the fusion protein of merozoite Apical Membrane Antigen-1 and Merozoite Surface Protein 1”, and “AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein” are used interchangeably, and both mean the fusion protein comprising the amino acid sequence of Plasmodium Merozoite Surface Protein 1, and the amino acid sequence of Plasmodium merozoite Apical Membrane Antigen-1, between which there may or may not be hinge sequence. In addition, the fusion protein of merozoite Apical Membrane Antigen-1 and Merozoite Surface Protein 1 may or may not contain a signal peptide, and may or may not contain an initial methionine.

[0048] As used herein, the term “Plasmodium merozoite Apical Membrane Antigen-1 (AMA-1) amino acid sequence” refers to a part of the amino acid sequence of the fusion protein of the present invention. The sequence basically has the same amino acid sequence with natural sequence and segment thereof, and basically has the same antigen activity with natural Plasmodium AMA1. A preferred Plasmodium AMA-1 amino acid sequence comprises (but is not limited to): the amino acid sequence of natural AMA-1, the amino acid sequence of the whole ectodomain of AMA-1, the amino acid sequence of domain III of AMA-1, the amino acid sequence of domain I-III of AMA-1, and the amino acid sequence with glycosylation sites eliminated.

[0049] As used herein, the term “Merozoite Surface Protein 1 (MSP1) amino acid sequence” refers to a part of the amino acid sequence in the fusion protein. This sequence basically has the same amino acid sequence with natural MSP1 sequence of Plasmodium, and basically has the same antigen activity with natural MSP1. A preferred Plasmodium MSP1 amino acid sequence comprises (but is not limited to): the amino acid sequence of natural MSP1, the amino acid sequence of MSP1 19 KD C-terminal, and the amino acid sequence with glycosylation sites eliminated.

[0050] The amino acid sequences of AMA-1 and MSP1 and analogues thereof could be obtained from different Plasmodium such as human Plasmodium (for example, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale), and animal Plasmodium (such as mouse Plasmodium, monkey Plasmodium, etc.).

[0051] There is no limitation on the linking mode or order between the AMA-1 amino acid sequence and the MSP1 amino acid sequence. E.g, it can be head-tail linking, head-head linking or tail-tail linking.

[0052] As used herein, the term “hinge” refers to a short peptide between the AMA-1 amino acid sequence and the MSP1 amino acid sequence used in linking them. There is no special limitation on the length of the hinge. It may even be 0 when the AMA-1 amino acid sequence directly link with the MSP1 amino acid sequence. Usually, the hinge will not significantly affect the formation of correct folding and special conformation of the AMA-1 amino acid sequence and the MSP1 amino acid sequence. Some examples of the hinge include (but is not limited to):

[0053] Preferably, the hinge has the following amino acid sequence:

[0054] (a) An amino acid sequence containing 3-15 amino acids made of hydrophobic amino acids Gly and Pro. For example Gly-Pro-Gly-Pro-Gly-Pro (SEQ ID NO: 7);

[0055] (b) An amino acid sequence encoded by Multiple Cloning Sites. This sequence usually contains 5-20 amino acids, and preferably 10-20 amino acids. The example comprises (but is not limited to): TGLQPTRGIDDITSPVD (SEQ ID NO: 8);

[0056] (c) A Plasmodium antigen amino acid sequence except AMA-1 and MSP1, such as Plasmodium Circumsporozoit Protein, TRAP, and 175 KD Erythrocytic Binding Protein, etc.

[0057] (d) A combined amino acid sequence of (a), (b) and/or (c). One example of the hinge made by (a) and (b) is GPGPGTGLQPTRGIDDITSPVDGPGPGP (SEQ ID NO: 9).

[0058] In addition, an amino acid sequence that does not affect the immunogenicity of AMA-1 and MSPi could be added to the N-terminal or C-terminal of the AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein. Preferably, these added amino acid sequences could help expression (such as a signal peptide), purification (such as 6His tag, alpha-factor signal peptide cleavage site (Glu-Lys-Arg) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae), or could enhance the immunogenicity of an AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein (for example, the sequence of cytokine, such as interferon and IL, etc.).

[0059] The total DNA sequence encoding the fusion protein of the present invention could be artificially synthesized. The encoding DNA sequence of AMA-1 and/or MSP1 could also be obtained through PCR amplification or synthesis, and then be ligated together to form the DNA sequence encoding the fusion protein of the present invention.

[0060] To increase the expression yield in host cells, alterations could be made to the encoding sequence of the AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein, for example, using the codons preferred by the host cells, or eliminating the sequence adverse to gene transcription and translation. In one example of the present invention, the codons preferred by yeast were adopted, and the sequence in the gene adverse to gene transcription and translation, comprising intron cleavage site, transcription termination sequence, etc. were eliminated. ScaI, HindIII and KpnI unique cleavage sites were incorporated at nucleotide base 494, 1085 and 1621 respectively of this gene to facilitate gene synthesis and cloning.

[0061] After obtaining the DNA sequence encoding the fusion protein of the present invention, it was incorporated into proper expression vector, and then transferred to proper host cells. Finally, the transformed host cells were cultured, and the fusion protein of the present invention was obtained through expression and purification processes.

[0062] As used herein, the term “vector” includes a plasmid, a cosmid, an expression vector, a cloning vector and a virus vector, etc.

[0063] In the present invention, various vectors known in the art such as commercially available vectors could be used. For example, a commercially available vector can be operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the new fusion protein in the present invention under an expression regulatory sequence, and thus forms the expression vector.

[0064] As used herein, the term “operably linked” refers to such a condition where a certain part of a linear DNA sequence could affect the activity of another certain part in the same linear DNA sequence. For example, if a signal peptide plays a role in the secretion of polypeptides, then the DNA sequence encoding the signal peptide (precursor sequence of secretion) is operably linked to the DNA of the polypeptide; if a promoter controls the transcription of a sequence, then it is operably linked to the encoding sequence. If a ribosomal binding site is located at a position which can initiate translation, then it is operably linked to the encoding sequence. Generally, “operably linked” means adjacency, while in the precursor sequence of secretion it means adjacency in reading frame.

[0065] As used herein, the term “host cell” comprises prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. The commonly used prokaryotic host cells comprise E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, etc. The commonly used eukaryotic cells comprise yeast cells, insect cells, mammal cells, etc. Preferably, the host cells are eukaryotic cells, more preferably yeast cells.

[0066] After obtaining the transformed host cells, the host cells could be cultured under proper conditions to express the fusion protein of the present invention. Then the expressed fusion protein is isolated.

[0067] In another aspect, the present invention further comprises the specific antibody against the AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein, particularly the monoclonal antibody. “Specific” herein means that the antibody can bind to the AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein or its segment. Preferably, the term refers to those antibodies that can bind to the AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein or its segment but do not recognize and bind to other non-relative antigen molecules. The present invention further comprises those antibodies that can bind to the AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein in modified or unmodified forms.

[0068] The present invention comprises not only an intact monoclonal or polyclonal antibody, but also an antibody segment with immune activity, such as Fab′ or (Fab)₂ segment; a heavy chain of antibody; a light chain of antibody; a single chain Fv molecule reconstructed by genetic engineering; or a chimeric antibody.

[0069] The antibodies of the present invention can be prepared through various techniques well known by persons skilled in the art. For example, the purified AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein or the segment with immunogenicity thereof can be administrated to an animal to induce the generation of a polyclonal antibody. Similarly, cells that express the AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein or the segment with immunogenicity thereof can be used to immunize an animal for the generation of antibody. The monoclonal antibody of the present invention can be prepared through the hybridoma technique (see Kohler et al., Nature 256: 495, 1975; Kohler et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 6: 511,1976; Kohler et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 6: 292, 1976; Hammerling et al., In Monoclonal Antibodies and T Cell Hybridomas, Elsevier, N.Y., 1981).

[0070] The production of polyclonal antibody can be achieved by using the AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein or polypeptide to immunize animals such as rabbit, mouse, rat, etc. Various adjuvants can be used to increase immune reaction, which comprise, but are not limited to, Freund's adjuvant.

[0071] In another aspect of the invention, a vaccine containing the fusion protein of the present invention is provided. The vaccines of the present invention are mainly prophylactic (i.e. to prevent from infection).

[0072] These vaccines include an immune antigen or an immunogen, an immunogenic polypeptide, protein or protein segment, or a nucleic acid (such as RNA or DNA), and are usually combined with a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” which include any carrier that does not itself induce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving the composition. Suitable carriers are typically large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, lipid aggregates (such as oil droplets or liposomes), and inactive virus particles. Such carriers are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, these carriers may function as immunostimulating agents (“adjuvants”). Furthermore, the vaccine composition of the present invention could further contain other immunogenic Plasmodium proteins, such as Plasmodium circumsporozoite Protein and an immunogenic segment or a fusion protein thereof.

[0073] Preferred adjuvants to enhance effectiveness of the composition include, but are not limited to: (1) aluminum salts (alum), such as aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate, etc., (2) ISA 720 adjuvant, and (3) Freund's adjuvant, etc.

[0074] The vaccine composition (comprising an antigen, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or an adjuvant), usually comprises a diluent, such as water, saline, glycerol, ethanol, etc. Additionally, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, and the like, may be present in such vehicles. Furthermore, the vaccine composition, including immunogenic composition, may contain the antigen, polypeptide, protein, and protein segment or nucleotide acid together with pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles.

[0075] More specifically, vaccines comprising immunogenic compositions comprise an immunologically effective amount of the immunogenic polypeptides, as well as any other of the above-mentioned components, as needed. By “immunologically effective amount”, it is meant that the administration of that amount to an individual, either in a single dose or as part of a series, is effective for treatment or prevention. This amount varies depending upon the health and physical condition of the individual to be treated, the taxonomic group of individual to be treated (e.g., nonhuman primate, etc.), the capacity of the individual's immune system to synthesize antibodies, the degree of protection desired, the formulation of the vaccine, the treating doctor's assessment of the medical situation, and other relevant factors. It is expected that the amount will fall in a relatively broad range that can be determined through routine trials.

[0076] Typically, the vaccine compositions or immunogenic compositions are prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or emulsions; solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection may also be prepared. The preparation also may be emulsified or encapsulated in liposomes for enhanced adjuvant effect, as discussed above under pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

[0077] The immunogenic compositions are conventionally administered parenterally, e.g., by injection, either subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Additional formulations suitable for other modes of administration include oral formulations, suppositories, and transdermal applications. Dosage treatment may be a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule. The vaccine may be administered in conjunction with other immunoregulatory agents.

[0078] A model of vaccine is DNA vaccine, i.e. the vaccine that contains the DNA sequence encoding the fusion protein of the present invention.

[0079] The dvantages of the present invention lie in:

[0080] (1) In the AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein, after fusion of the AMA-1 and MSP1-19 into one molecule, the conformations thereof are very close to their respective natural conformations, with at least 6 monoclonal antibody epitopes being identical to that of the natural proteins.

[0081] (2) The expression product of the AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein could be secreted into the protein-free culture supernatant, which will be convenient for isolation and purification. The purity could achieve higher than 98%.

[0082] (3) The expression level of the AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein is high. Particularly, the expression level of PfCP-2 is extremely high. The expression yield in a shaking flask is 840 mg/L, while the expression yield in a 15-L ferment pot could achieve 2,600 mg/L.

[0083] (4) The AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein is very high immunogenic. The ELISA antibody titer thereof is more than 4 million, and this antibodies also contain AMA-1 and MSP1 specific antibodies.

[0084] (5) The immune serum against the AMA-1/MSP1 fusion protein has very strong inhibition upon in vitro growth of the parasite. This immune serum could inhibit more than 98% of the parasite growth in vitro after being diluted 6.7 times.

[0085] The invention is further illustrated by the following examples. These examples are only intended to illustrate the invention, but not to limit the scope of the invention. For the experimental methods in the following examples, they are performed under routine conditions, e.g., those described by Sambrook. et al., in Molecule Clone: A Laboratory Manual, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, or as instructed by the manufacturers, unless otherwise specified.

EXAMPLE 1 Synthesis of PfCP-1 and PfCP-2

[0086] 1. Design of the Fusion Antigen

[0087] The amino acid sequence of the fusion protein derived from extodomain of AMA-1 and MSP1-19 of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 line. A hinge sequence comprising hydrophobic amino acid Gly-Pro was inserted into the two antigens to avoid the interaction of the antigens and retain their native conformation. In addition, 8 restriction sites were inserted between the two antigens, which allowed further insertion of other antigens. The XhoI site and Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor signal peptide cleavage sequence were introduced to the N-terminus of the fusion protein. Three potential glycosylation sites were eliminated by substituting Ala for Asn. The fusion antigen PfCP-1 comprised 660 amino acids while PfCP-2 260 amino acids. The schematic diagram of the two antigens and N- and C-terminal sequence of the antigens were shown in FIG. 1.

[0088] 2. Design of the Synthetic Gene

[0089] The amino acid sequence of PfCP-1 was reverse-translated into DNA sequence using codon usage optimized for expression in yeast. The designed sequence was examined and modified to exclude sequences which might cause problem during synthesis, cloning and expression of the gene. They included putative splice donor, acceptor sites and terminator sequences, etc. The unique restriction sites ScaI, HindIII and KpnI were introduced for gene synthesis and cloning at position 494, 1085 and 1621, respectively (FIG. 2). The entire synthetic PfCP-1 gene comprised 1997 bp while PfCP-2 797 bp.

[0090] 3. Synthesis of the Fusion Antigen Gene

[0091] Construction of PfCP-1 Gene

[0092] The sequences of the gene containing 1997 bp were divided into four fragments named PfCP-1a, PfCP-1b, PfCP-1c and PfCP-1d, respectively. There was an overlapping region between two adjacent fragments and a unique restriction site was designed to ligate the fragments (FIG. 2A, indicated by arrow). Thus, unique restriction sites Sca I, Hind III and Kpn I were introduced at position 494, 1085 and 1621 bp.

[0093] The 512 bp PfCP-1a fragment was synthesized with 8 oligonucleotides using PCR-based synthesis method. The PCR reaction was performed by denaturation at 95° C. for 10 sec, annealing at 55° C. for 30 sec and elongation at 72° C. for 90 sec with 30 cycles. The PCR products were analyzed on the 1% agarose gel and purified using Qiagen DNA gel purification Kit. The gene fragment and vector pBluescript were digested with XhoI and EcoRI. In 20 ul reaction system, 2 ug DNA was digested at 37° C. for 1 hr with 5 units of enzyme XhoI and EcoRI, respectively. The digested gene fragment and vector were ligated to generate a recombinant plasmid. E. coli DH5α was transformed with the recombinant plasmid. Amp⁺ transformants were selected for isolation of plasmid containing the target gene. DNA sequencing of target gene was carried out and the results showed that one of three clones had error-free. Similar strategy was used to assemble the rest fragments, i.e. PfCP-1b, PfCP-1c and PfCP-1d. The fragments were recovered using appropriate restriction enzymes XhoI/ScaI, ScaI/HindIII HindIII/KpnI and KpnI/EcoRI and ligated into the vector digested by XhoI/EcoRI, thereby forming gene PfCP-1 which encoded a fusion protein having amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.

[0094]E. coli strain DH5α was transformed with the recombinant plasmid containing the entire gene. The synthetic gene is stable in E. coli because no error on the gene recovered from the bacteria after several passages was observed.

[0095] To express the PfCP-1 gene in Pichia pastoris, the DNA sequence encoding Lys-Arg sites was introduced to the 5′-terminus of the gene to recreate the alpha-factor signal peptide cleavage sites. To facilitate purification, 6× his tag was added to the 5′-terminus of the gene to generate a PfCP-1^(+his) while PfCP-1^(−his) had no tag. Unique site XhoI and EcoRI were introduced at the 5′-terminal and 3′-terminal of the gene, respectively to facilitate the cloning of the gene into expression plasmid.

[0096] Construction of PfCP-2 Gene

[0097] To construct PfCP-2 gene, a pair of primers were synthesized. The 5′ primer: 5′-ccg ctc gag aaa aga caa caa tca tct tac att g-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4) was corresponding to postion 1234 of PfCP-1 gene. The 3′ primer: 5′-cg gaa ttc cta tta atg atg atg atg atg atg att aga gga aga gca gaa g-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 5) hybridized to the C-terminal sequence. Using the two primers, we amplified the 797 bp PfCP-2 gene encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 using PfCP-1 as template DNA which encodes the protein containing 6× his tag.

[0098] The PfCP-2 gene encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 without 6His tag was generated using another 3′ primer 5′-cg gaa ttc cta tta att aga gga aga gca gaa g-3′(SEQ ID NO: 6).

EXAMPLE 2 Expression of PfCP in Pichia pastoris

[0099] 2.1 Construction of Expression Vector

[0100] PfCP-1 or PfCP-2 was cloned in yeast expression vector pPIC9 using XhoI and EcoRI sites. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor signal peptide and its cleavage site (Lys-Arg) was introduced in frame with the PfCP coding sequences. Thus the mature secretary proteins should not contain any signal peptide residue.

[0101] The vector pPIC9K was identical to pPIC9 except for the presence of the Kanamycin resistance gene to screen for multiple-copy insertion. Using the BamHI and SalI sites on the vectors, transferring the BamHI/SalI fragments from pPIC9 to pPIC9k to generate pPIC9K/PfCP-1 (FIG. 4) and pPIC9K/PfCP-2 vectors(FIG. 5).

[0102] 2.2 Transformation of Pichia pastoris SMD1168

[0103] The pPIC9K/PfCP-1 and pPIC9K/PfCP-2 was linearized with SalI. Transformation of Pichia pastoris strain SMD1168 was carried out by electroporation with 10 ug of linearized DNA. The His⁺ transformants were further screened for transformation with multiple-copy insertion on YPD plates containing various concentration of G418. The insertion of target gene need to be confirmed by PCR using genomic DNA isolated from the His+/G418 positive clones. The clones confirmed by PCR were used for expression.

[0104] The Pichia pastoris strain expressing PfCP-1 was deposited at the China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) on Nov. 22, 2000 with the accesion number of CCTCC NO:M 200026.

[0105] 2.3 Expression

[0106] The transformants were grown in MGY medium containing glycerol for 24 hrs. The cells were harvested and the pellet was resuspended in BMMY medium containing methanol to induce expression. The supernatant as well as cell pellet were analyzed for protein expression by coomassie strained SDS-PAGE gel every 24 hr. The result showed that after methanol induction, a PfCP-2 band appeared at 32 kD. The expression product significantly increased with the elongation of time(FIG. 7). Specific monoclonal antibody mAb5.2 was used to detect the product and the result showed that the dimmer and tetramer of PfCP-2 was detected besides the 32 kD protein (FIG. 7B). In addition, the doublet of PfCP-2 protein was observed on the SDS-PAGE gel. N-terminal sequence analysis of the product showed that the doublet had different N-terminus, with 9 amino acid deletion in the band with low molecular weight. Expression of PfCP-1 protein was detectable with a band at 72 kD by Western blot but very week band appeared on SDS-PAGE and Coomassie stained gel (FIG. 6).

EXAMPLE 3 Interaction of the AMA-1/MSP-1 Fusion Protein and a Panel of Monoclonal Antibodies

[0107] MSP1-19 and AMA-1 are cysteine-rich proteins that form several disulfide bonds. Moreover, their functional antibodies are disulfide bond-dependent. Thus the key issue for this invention is to retain all conformational epitopes after fusion of the two proteins into one molecule. Therefore, to gain an insight into conformational properties of the fusion proteins, in this experiment a panel of monoclonal antibodies were used to react with PfCP-1 and PfCP-2 fusion protein.

[0108] Total 13 monoclonal antibodies, of them 10 recognizing conformational epitopes, were used to interact with PfCP-1. The expression products were subjected to electrophoresis in SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions, and then transferred onto pyroxylin membrane. The membrane-bound proteins were reacted with each of the 13 mAbs respectively and visualized via the AP-conjugate secondary antibody following standard procedures. The results showed that all 13 specific mAbs interacted with the expression protein (Table 1). TABLE 1 Interaction of PfCP-1 with a panel of monoclonal antibodies Western blot PfCP Specific Antibodies PfCP-1 Interaction from P. Antigen Specificity mAb No. Epitope type region pastoris MSP-1 Conserved 5.2 conformational MSP 1-19 + 12.8 conformational MSP 1-42 + 12.10 conformational MSP 1-19 + 2.2 conformational MSP 1-19 + 6.1 conformational MSP 1-42 + 1E1 conformational MSP 1-19 + 2F10 conformational MSP 1-19 + 8A12 conformational MSP 1-19 + 111.4 conformational MSP 1-19 + 111.2 conformational MSP 1-19 + AMA-1 3D7 1F9 AMA-1 + 2C5 AMA-1 + 5G8 AMA-1 +

[0109] Six conformational monoclonal antibodies were used to react with PfCP-2 protein under reducing and non-reducing conditions. 6% β-mercaptoethanol was added to the sample to reduce the protein. Same amount of reduced and non-reduced protein was loaded on each lane of SDS-PAGE gel and was detected with the antibodies according to the procedures described above. The results showed that all the monoclonal antibodies interacted with PfCP-2 in reduction-sensitive manner (FIG. 8).

[0110] Conclusion: The fusion protein resembles closely to native conformation after fusing of AMA-1 and MSP1-19 into one molecule. At least the six epitopes recognized by the antibodies are identical to the native ones.

Example 4 Fermentation and Purification of AMA-1/MSP 1 Fusion Protein

[0111] Expression conditions were optimized to achieve the yield of 840 mg/L in flask expression.

[0112] During fermentation of the yeast strain in 15-liter fermentor, the cells grow fast and increase by index exponent. The cell density could reach OD₆₆₀=112.5 value. During the period of methanol induction, the cell density was maintained at the same level while the target protein appeared in the first 3-7 hours and then dramatically increased. By 53 hours after induction, the expression yield reached 2600 mg/L.

[0113] PfCP-2 expression product was purified by two steps. At the first step protein was purified with Ni-NTA column because 6His residues located at the C-terminus of PfCP-2 that can combine to the Ni-NTA chelate. The bound proteins were eluted by a buffer containing 250 mM imidazole. At the second step, proteins eluted from Ni-NTA were further purified by gel filtration chromatography. The protein of >98% purity was obtained by the two-step purification (FIG. 9).

EXAMPLE 5 Immunizing Rabbit with PfCP-2

[0114] In this experiment, rabbits were immunized with the purified PfCP-2 protein formulated with either Freund's adjuvant or Montanide ISA 720 adjuvant, respectively. The animals were divided into 5 groups. The groups 1-5 were ISA 720, ISA 720+PfCP-2, ISA 720+denatured PfCP-2, Freund's+PfCP-2 and Freund's adjuvant, respectively. The rabbits were immunized four times on Day 0, 12, 28 and 42, respectively. Before and 7 days after each immunization, sera was prepared by bleeding. Specific antibodies were analyzed. Methods involving this experiment was described as the following:

[0115] PfCP-2 antigen was formulated with Freund's adjuvant at ratio 1:1 while with ISA 720 adjuvant at 3:7 (v/v). The denatured PfCP-2 antigen was prepared as following: the antigen solution was mixed with solid urea to final concentration of 8M and incubated at 50° C. for 60 min. DTT was added to a final concentration of 20 mM and incubated at 50° C. for 6 hr. Sodium iodoacetate was added to a final concentration of 60 mM and mixture was incubated at room temperature (RT) for 60 minutes. The protein solution was dialysed in 0.1M boric acid buffer overnight (100 mM boric acid, 137 mM NaCl, PH 7.5). The rabbits were inoculated intromuscularly four times at 0, 12, 28 and 42 days. The protein dose was 800, 400, 400 and 200 ug, respectively. The animals were bleeded on Day 10, 26, 39 and 47 and sera were analyzed for specific antibodies by ELISA and IFA.(FIGS. 10,11)

[0116] The protocol for ELISA: 96-well microtiter plates were coated with 0.1 ug of PfCP-2 or P. flaciparum (Pf) parasites proteins. 100 ul diluted sera were added to each well and incubated for 1 h at 37° C. Every sample was repeated in three wells. After washing, enzyme-label secondary antibodies was added to each well. The incubation and washing were carried out as described above. TMD was used as substrate. The plates were read at an absorbance of 450 nm. Cutoff values were determined as the mean plus three standard deviations for the pre-immunization sera.

[0117] The ELISA results showed that no specific antibodies was induced in both adjuvant control groups, but significant specific antibodies was induced in the other three immunized groups. P. flaciparum parasites obtained from in vitro cultivation were used as antigens for IFA. Groups 2 and 4 had higher level of specific antibodies with IFA titer of 1:10240 and 1:2560 respectively while the group of denatured protein (Group 3) had much lower level of the antibodies with titer only 1:640. As expected, sera from the two control groups had not antibodies recognizing the parasite (<1:40) (FIG. 11). The sera of rabbits immunized with PfCP-2 was further tested by ELISA for specific IgG against the individual components of the fusion protein, AMA-1 and MSP1-19. The antigens used for this testing included the AMA-1 that was produced in E. coli and refolded as well as MSP 1-19 that was expressed in yeast. It was demonstrated that rabbit sera interacted with the individual components of AMA-1 and MSP 1-19 specifically (FIG. 12).

EXAMPLE 6 In Vitro Growth Inhibition Assay

[0118] FCC1/HN line of P. flaciparum was cultured in vitro using Trager's Candle Jar method. The inhibition assay was performed by using this method. The inhibition rate was calculated according to the following formula: ${{Inhibit}\quad {rate}\quad ({IR})} = {\frac{\begin{matrix} {{{parasitaemia}\quad {in}\quad {control}\quad {group}} -} \\ {{parasitaemia}\quad {in}\quad {experimental}\quad {group}} \end{matrix}}{{parasitaemia}\quad {in}\quad {control}\quad {group}} \times 100\quad \%}$

[0119] Method: P. flaciparum FCC1/HN line was cultured in vitro as described by Trager and Jansen. The culture medium was refreshed every 24 hrs and fresh red blood cells were added to culture every four day. To prepare synchronous parasites for the inhibition assay, the infected erythrocytes were mixed with 5% sorbitol and incubated at RT for 30 minutes. The treated parasite was further cultured at 30° C. for 24 hours. Thus most parasites developed into schizonts. The initial culture was prepared to have 2% haematocrit and 0.5% parasitaemia. 200 ul of the culture was added to each well containing different concentration of test sera. After 24 or 72 hours, thin smears were made and stained with Giemsa's solution to determine parasitaemia under the microscope.

[0120] Preparation of anit-sera: The rabbit blood was taken by cardiac puncture and put into sterile tubes to wait for coagulation. The anti-sera were collected from coagulation by centrifugation. sera was heat-inactivated at 56° C. 30 min and sterilized by filtration before using for inhibition assays.

[0121] Deletion of IgG from immune sera: The IgG in immune sera was eliminated by Protein A column according to the manufactory instruction. This step was repeated until no IgG was observed in the flowthrough detected by SDS-PAGE. Moreover, bounded IgG was eluted from the column.

[0122] The results of in vitro inhibition assay showed that immune sera from rabbits immunized with PfCP-2 antigen formulated either with Freund's adjuvant or ISA 720 adjuvant inhibited the growth of more than 98% parasites after diluted at 6.7 times. The inhibition was dependent on presence of the specific antibodies and the conformation of PfCP-2. (FIGS. 13-16)

[0123] Result:

[0124] (1) The immune sera obtained from rabbits immunized with PfCP-2 formulated with Freund's adjuvant inhibited 96.3% parasite growth while sera from Freund's adjuvant control had no significant effect on parasite growth.(IR: 6.41%) (FIG. 13)

[0125] (2) The immune sera obtained from rabbits immunized with PfCP-2 formulated with ISA720 adjuvant inhibited 98.32% parasite growth while sera from ISA720 adjuvant control had no significant effect on parasite growth. (IR: 0.69%) (FIG. 14)

[0126] (3) The immune sera obtained from rabbits immunized with denatured PfCP-2 protein by DTT as well as 8M urea and alkylated, formulated with ISA 720 adjuvant did not inhibit parasite growth at all. (IR: 0%) (FIG. 15)

[0127] (4) Immune sera removed of all IgG by protein A column was tested for inhibition of parasite growth in vitro. The result showed that IgG-eliminating sera from rabbits immunized with the antigen formulated with both ISA720 and Freund's adjuvant had no effective on the parasite growth with inhibition rates of 0% and 12.7%, respectively (FIG. 16).

[0128] The study on the Growth Inhibition Assay indicated: (1) The immune sera induced by PfCP-2 almost completely inhibited the parasite growth in vitro(IR: >98%) when diluted at 6.7 times and the inhibition was dependent on presence of IgG basing on the fact that the sera removed of total IgG was not shown to inhibit parasite growth. (2) Although Freund's adjuvant is a powerful adjuvant, it can be used only in animals. However, ISA 720 adjuvant (produced by French SEPPIC Co.) has been used in clinical trials. Our results showed that the antibody level induced with ISA 720 was comparable to that with Freund's adjuvant. Thus, ISA720 adjuvant could be an appropriate adjuvant for PfCP-2 vaccine candidate in human use. (3) Induction of inhibitory antibodies to PfCP-2 were dependent on its conformation because the denatured agent did not induce any inhibitory antibodies. Therefore, it is essential to produce PfCP-2 recombinant protein resembling closely to its native conformation.

EXAMPLE 7 Pfcp-2 Combined Vaccine

[0129] In this example, the combined vaccine of Pfcsp-2 and other Plasmodium circumsporozoite proteinor its immunogenetic fragment were prepared. Pfcsp^(RC) was specifically used which had a part of the sequence of Plamodium falci parum circumsporozoite protein, comprising 15 NANP repeating sequences and the whole C-terminus sequence. The whole gene of Pfcsp^(RC) was synthesized by using the codon preferred for Pichia Hansen, highly secreted and expressed in Pichia Hansen, and was isolated and purified to get Pfcsp^(RC).

[0130] The immunity produced by Pfcsp-2 is directed against early phase Plasmodium, and the immunity produced by Pfcsp^(RC) is directed against late phase Plasmodium.

[0131] The result of co-immunization of rabbit with purified Pfcsp^(RC) and Pfcp-2 showed that, after 4 tims immunization, the antibody titer of the group immunized with Pfcp-2 alone was 1/1,604,000, and the antibody titer of the group immunized with Pfcs^(RC) was 1/136,000. However, the co-immunized group produced antibodies directed at both antigens with remarkable increase in titers. The antibody titer against Pfcp-2 and Pfcsp^(RC) were 1/2,859,000 and 1/443,000, respectively. This result suggests that the combined immunization of two antigens can not only produce antibodies against Plasmodium in different phases, but also improve the immunogenicity of the two antigens. The antibody assay for rabbits combination immunized with Pfcp-2 and Pfcsp^(RC) (×10⁴) coating blood collecting immunogen antigen time Pfcp-2 Pfcsp^(RC) Pfcp-2+Pfcso^(RC) Pfcp-2 after 2^(nd) 39.52 — 36.02 immunization after 3^(rd) 108.60 — 107.74 immunization after 4^(th) 164.40 — 285.90 immunization Pfcsp^(RC) after 2^(nd) — 4.41 5.35 immunization after 3^(rd) — 4.41 9.56 immunization after 4^(th) — 13.60 44.30 immunization

[0132] All the documents cited herein are incorporated into the invention as reference, as if each of them is individually incorporated. Further, it would be appreciated that, in the above teaching of invention, the skilled in the art could make certain changes or modifications to the invention, and these equivalents would still be within the scope of the invention defined by the appended claims of the application.

1 9 1 654 PRT artificial sequence misc_feature (1)..(654) fusion protein of AMA-1 and MSP1 1 Leu Glu Lys Arg Glu Ala Glu Ala Gln Asn Tyr Trp Glu His Pro Tyr 1 5 10 15 Gln Asn Ser Asp Val Tyr Arg Pro Ile Asn Glu His Arg Glu His Pro 20 25 30 Lys Glu Tyr Glu Tyr Pro Leu His Gln Glu His Thr Tyr Gln Gln Glu 35 40 45 Asp Ser Gly Glu Asp Glu Asn Thr Leu Gln His Ala Tyr Pro Ile Asp 50 55 60 His Glu Gly Ala Glu Pro Ala Pro Gln Glu Gln Asn Leu Phe Ser Ser 65 70 75 80 Ile Glu Ile Val Glu Arg Ser Asn Tyr Met Gly Asn Pro Trp Thr Glu 85 90 95 Tyr Met Ala Lys Tyr Asp Ile Glu Glu Val His Gly Ser Gly Ile Arg 100 105 110 Val Asp Leu Gly Glu Asp Ala Glu Val Ala Gly Thr Gln Tyr Arg Leu 115 120 125 Pro Ser Gly Lys Cys Pro Val Phe Gly Lys Gly Ile Ile Ile Glu Asn 130 135 140 Ser Gln Thr Thr Phe Leu Thr Pro Val Ala Thr Gly Asn Gln Tyr Leu 145 150 155 160 Lys Asp Gly Gly Phe Ala Phe Pro Pro Thr Glu Pro Leu Met Ser Pro 165 170 175 Met Thr Leu Asp Glu Met Arg His Phe Tyr Lys Asp Asn Lys Tyr Val 180 185 190 Lys Asn Leu Asp Glu Leu Thr Leu Cys Ser Arg His Ala Gly Asn Met 195 200 205 Ile Pro Asp Asn Asp Lys Asn Ser Asn Tyr Lys Tyr Pro Ala Val Tyr 210 215 220 Asp Asp Lys Asp Lys Lys Cys His Ile Leu Tyr Ile Ala Ala Gln Glu 225 230 235 240 Asn Asn Gly Pro Arg Tyr Cys Asn Lys Asp Glu Ser Lys Arg Asn Ser 245 250 255 Met Phe Cys Phe Arg Pro Ala Lys Asp Ile Ser Phe Gln Gln Tyr Thr 260 265 270 Tyr Leu Ser Lys Asn Val Val Asp Asn Trp Glu Lys Val Cys Pro Arg 275 280 285 Lys Asn Leu Gln Asn Ala Lys Phe Gly Leu Trp Val Asp Gly Asn Cys 290 295 300 Glu Asp Ile Pro His Val Asn Glu Phe Pro Ala Ile Asp Leu Phe Glu 305 310 315 320 Cys Asn Lys Leu Val Phe Glu Leu Ser Ala Ser Asp Gln Pro Lys Gln 325 330 335 Tyr Glu Gln His Leu Thr Asp Tyr Glu Lys Ile Lys Glu Gly Phe Lys 340 345 350 Asn Lys Gln Ala Ser Met Ile Lys Ser Ala Phe Leu Pro Thr Gly Ala 355 360 365 Phe Lys Ala Asp Arg Tyr Lys Ser His Gly Lys Gly Tyr Asn Trp Gly 370 375 380 Asn Tyr Asn Thr Glu Thr Gln Lys Cys Glu Ile Phe Asn Val Lys Pro 385 390 395 400 Thr Cys Leu Ile Gln Gln Ser Ser Tyr Ile Ala Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser 405 410 415 His Pro Ile Glu Val Glu Asn Asn Phe Pro Cys Ser Leu Tyr Lys Asp 420 425 430 Glu Ile Met Lys Glu Ile Glu Arg Glu Ser Lys Arg Ile Lys Leu Asn 435 440 445 Asp Asn Asp Asp Glu Gly Asn Lys Lys Ile Ile Ala Pro Arg Ile Phe 450 455 460 Ile Ser Asp Asp Lys Asp Ser Leu Lys Cys Pro Cys Asp Pro Glu Met 465 470 475 480 Val Ser Gln Ser Thr Cys Arg Phe Phe Val Cys Lys Cys Val Glu Arg 485 490 495 Arg Ala Glu Val Thr Ser Asn Asn Glu Val Val Val Lys Glu Glu Tyr 500 505 510 Lys Asp Glu Tyr Ala Asp Ile Pro Glu His Lys Pro Thr Tyr Asp Lys 515 520 525 Met Gly Pro Gly Pro Gly Thr Gly Leu Gln Pro Thr Arg Gly Ile Asp 530 535 540 Asp Ile Thr Ser Pro Val Asp Gly Pro Gly Pro Gly Pro Leu Gln Ile 545 550 555 560 Ser Gln His Gln Cys Val Lys Lys Gln Cys Pro Gln Asn Ser Gly Cys 565 570 575 Phe Arg His Leu Asp Glu Arg Glu Glu Cys Lys Cys Leu Leu Asn Tyr 580 585 590 Lys Gln Glu Gly Asp Lys Cys Val Glu Asn Pro Gln Pro Thr Cys Asn 595 600 605 Glu Asn Asn Gly Gly Cys Asp Ala Asp Ala Lys Cys Thr Glu Glu Asp 610 615 620 Ser Gly Ser Asn Gly Lys Lys Ile Thr Cys Glu Cys Thr Lys Pro Asp 625 630 635 640 Ser Tyr Pro Leu Phe Asp Gly Ile Phe Cys Ser Ser Ser Asn 645 650 2 260 PRT artificial sequence misc_feature (1)..(260) fusion protein of AMA-1 and MSP1 2 Leu Glu Lys Arg Gln Gln Ser Ser Tyr Ile Ala Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser 1 5 10 15 His Pro Ile Glu Val Glu Asn Asn Phe Pro Cys Ser Leu Tyr Lys Asp 20 25 30 Glu Ile Met Lys Glu Ile Glu Arg Glu Ser Lys Arg Ile Lys Leu Asn 35 40 45 Asp Asn Asp Asp Glu Gly Asn Lys Lys Ile Ile Ala Pro Arg Ile Phe 50 55 60 Ile Ser Asp Asp Lys Asp Ser Leu Lys Cys Pro Cys Asp Pro Glu Met 65 70 75 80 Val Ser Gln Ser Thr Cys Arg Phe Phe Val Cys Lys Cys Val Glu Arg 85 90 95 Arg Ala Glu Val Thr Ser Asn Asn Glu Val Val Val Lys Glu Glu Tyr 100 105 110 Lys Asp Glu Tyr Ala Asp Ile Pro Glu His Lys Pro Thr Tyr Asp Lys 115 120 125 Met Gly Pro Gly Pro Gly Thr Gly Leu Gln Pro Thr Arg Gly Ile Asp 130 135 140 Asp Ile Thr Ser Pro Val Asp Gly Pro Gly Pro Gly Pro Leu Gln Ile 145 150 155 160 Ser Gln His Gln Cys Val Lys Lys Gln Cys Pro Gln Asn Ser Gly Cys 165 170 175 Phe Arg His Leu Asp Glu Arg Glu Glu Cys Lys Cys Leu Leu Asn Tyr 180 185 190 Lys Gln Glu Gly Asp Lys Cys Val Glu Asn Pro Gln Pro Thr Cys Asn 195 200 205 Glu Asn Asn Gly Gly Cys Asp Ala Asp Ala Lys Cys Thr Glu Glu Asp 210 215 220 Ser Gly Ser Asn Gly Lys Lys Ile Thr Cys Glu Cys Thr Lys Pro Asp 225 230 235 240 Ser Tyr Pro Leu Phe Asp Gly Ile Phe Cys Ser Ser Ser Asn His His 245 250 255 His His His His 260 3 254 PRT artificial sequence misc_feature (1)..(254) fusion protein of AMA-1 and MSP1 3 Leu Glu Lys Arg Gln Gln Ser Ser Tyr Ile Ala Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser 1 5 10 15 His Pro Ile Glu Val Glu Asn Asn Phe Pro Cys Ser Leu Tyr Lys Asp 20 25 30 Glu Ile Met Lys Glu Ile Glu Arg Glu Ser Lys Arg Ile Lys Leu Asn 35 40 45 Asp Asn Asp Asp Glu Gly Asn Lys Lys Ile Ile Ala Pro Arg Ile Phe 50 55 60 Ile Ser Asp Asp Lys Asp Ser Leu Lys Cys Pro Cys Asp Pro Glu Met 65 70 75 80 Val Ser Gln Ser Thr Cys Arg Phe Phe Val Cys Lys Cys Val Glu Arg 85 90 95 Arg Ala Glu Val Thr Ser Asn Asn Glu Val Val Val Lys Glu Glu Tyr 100 105 110 Lys Asp Glu Tyr Ala Asp Ile Pro Glu His Lys Pro Thr Tyr Asp Lys 115 120 125 Met Gly Pro Gly Pro Gly Thr Gly Leu Gln Pro Thr Arg Gly Ile Asp 130 135 140 Asp Ile Thr Ser Pro Val Asp Gly Pro Gly Pro Gly Pro Leu Gln Ile 145 150 155 160 Ser Gln His Gln Cys Val Lys Lys Gln Cys Pro Gln Asn Ser Gly Cys 165 170 175 Phe Arg His Leu Asp Glu Arg Glu Glu Cys Lys Cys Leu Leu Asn Tyr 180 185 190 Lys Gln Glu Gly Asp Lys Cys Val Glu Asn Pro Gln Pro Thr Cys Asn 195 200 205 Glu Asn Asn Gly Gly Cys Asp Ala Asp Ala Lys Cys Thr Glu Glu Asp 210 215 220 Ser Gly Ser Asn Gly Lys Lys Ile Thr Cys Glu Cys Thr Lys Pro Asp 225 230 235 240 Ser Tyr Pro Leu Phe Asp Gly Ile Phe Cys Ser Ser Ser Asn 245 250 4 34 DNA artificial sequence misc_feature (1)..(34) primer 4 ccgctcgaga aaagacaaca atcatcttac attg 34 5 51 DNA artificial sequence misc_feature (1)..(51) primer 5 cggaattcct attaatgatg atgatgatga tgattagagg aagagcagaa g 51 6 33 DNA artificial sequence misc_feature (1)..(33) primer 6 cggaattcct attaattaga ggaagagcag aag 33 7 6 PRT artificial sequence misc_feature (1)..(6) linker 7 Gly Pro Gly Pro Gly Pro 1 5 8 17 PRT artificial sequence misc_feature (1)..(17) linker 8 Thr Gly Leu Gln Pro Thr Arg Gly Ile Asp Asp Ile Thr Ser Pro Val 1 5 10 15 Asp 9 28 PRT artificial sequence misc_feature (1)..(28) linker 9 Gly Pro Gly Pro Gly Thr Gly Leu Gln Pro Thr Arg Gly Ile Asp Asp 1 5 10 15 Ile Thr Ser Pro Val Asp Gly Pro Gly Pro Gly Pro 20 25 

What is claimed is:
 1. A fusion protein comprising an amino acid sequence of Plasmodium apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1), an amino acid sequence of Plasmodium merozoite surface protein I(MSP1), and a hinge between the amino acid sequence of the apical membrane antigen-1 and the amino acid sequence of the merozoite surface protein
 1. 2. The fusion protein according to claim 1 wherein the hinge contains an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) an amino acid sequence containing 6 amino acids made of hydrophobic amino acids Gly and Pro, (b) an amino acid sequence encoded by Multiple Cloning Sites, (c) an amino acid sequence of Plasmodium antigen other than AMA-1 and MSP1, and (d) the combination of (a), (b), and (c).
 3. The fusion protein according to claim 1 comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2 or
 3. 4. An isolated DNA molecule encoding the fusion protein of claim
 1. 5. A vector comprising the DNA molecule of claim
 4. 6. A host cell comprising the vector of claim
 5. 7. The host cell according to claim 6, wherein the cell is a yeast Pichia pastoris deposited in CCTCC under accession Number of CCTCC NO: M200026.
 8. A method of preparing the fusion protein of claim 1 comprising the steps of: growing the host cell of claim 6 under a condition appropriate for the expression, thereby expressing the fusion protein, and isolating the fusion protein.
 9. A malaria vaccine comprising the fusion protein of claim 1 or the DNA molecule of claim
 4. 10. The vaccine of claim 9 which comprises the fusion protein of claim 1 and circumsporozoite Protein and an immunogenic segment thereof. 